: Fail to prosecute or even encourage private violence against government critics. Change Election Rules

A defining element of Scheppele’s research is demonstrating that legalistic autocrats do not act in isolation. They actively borrow scripts, copy tactics, and exchange legislative templates. The typical operational sequence unfolds across three major phases: Phase 1: Capturing the Referees

As global democratic backsliding intensifies, understanding the evolution of autocratic legalism—including Scheppele’s recent updates, the conceptual framework of the "Frankenstate," and global case studies—is vital for preserving international constitutionalism. The Architecture of Autocratic Legalism

The rise of autocratic legalism poses significant threats to democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. Some of the dangers include:

They use that mandate to rewrite laws and constitutions to eliminate future competition.

: Changing election laws to ensure the leader never leaves office, effectively ending the rotation of power. IV. Case Studies & Updates (2024–2026) Autocratic Legalism - The University of Chicago Law Review

: Lowering the mandatory retirement age for judges to force independent jurists out, then restoring it after filling vacancies with regime loyalists.

In 2025-2026, several regimes have embedded algorithmic governance into legal codes. Hungary’s “Sovereignty Protection Act” (updated 2025) and parts of India’s unified digital personal data law now use automated legal findings to disqualify opposition candidates or NGOs. Scheppele’s warning about “legal forms with authoritarian functions” now includes code as law.